Mount Everest Case free essay sample

The formation of groups by the leaders lacked the consideration of the non-expert members’ skills. The leaders, groups and their members had different sets of goals in their minds. The teams’ goals did not fit well with the overall goals of the organization. There was an imbalance between the perceptions of the team members, guides and the leaders. (2) Right from the very beginning team leaders underestimated the challenges offered by Mount Everest. It indicates the tendency of overconfidence bias and recency effect of reliance on good weather in recent years. 3) The team members could not establish strong working relationships. Many team members were either not sure of their role in their teams or were reluctant to raise a point due to their perception that they were placed lower in the chain of command. Sherpas’ expertise was not properly utilized. In fact, the groups never moved beyond the forming phase. There was lack of group decision making. We will write a custom essay sample on Mount Everest Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They had an excellent knowledge pool which the groups did not utilize to make decisions. (4) The leadership style of Hall Fischer discouraged feedback from the team members. Therefore, the leaders were distanced from guides and other team members. It was a detriment to working of the group as one unit. There was lack of participative management. However, participative management could not be used as a universal rule while facing hostile nature. This problem was compounded by an autocratic leadership style. Team members’ psychological safety was missing. (5) The leaders, guides and non-expert members all ignored the â€Å"two o’ clock rule†. This rule was set up by the leaders but they themselves did not adhere to it. Their late arrival at the summit left them with no choice but to descend in darkness and deal with hostile weather. There was no discussion about the relevance and usefulness of pushing forward with the climb knowing that the above rule would be violated. This is an indication of poor decision-making. (6) There was a lack of communication during different phases of this expedition. In the absence of live communication the members could not have reviewed and revised their goals and strategies if they felt that the weather or other circumstances were going against them. There were not enough radios. There were concerns about lack of sufficient supply of oxygen. The communication was flowing only from the top and in some case there was a complete communication breakdown. (7) The leaders, guides, and other members were reluctant to accept defeat. Some of these individuals had failed to climb Mount Everest in the past and they did not want to fail again. In essence, the groups lacked a thorough strategy for of digging in or moving back if risks became too obvious. It indicates escalation of commitment on the part of members. 8) Both Hall Fischer were leaders and visionaries of the groups’ strategy. However, during the expedition they became too occupied with the small operations and missed the possible opportunity to rethink and revise their overall plans and/or strategy. They could not adjust the perceptions of the team members and even allowed them to develop personal bias about the abilities of some of the members. (9) Physical and psycholog ical condition of some members deteriorated but they continued to climb. The leaders not only disregarded these members’ capabilities but also dedicated time to help them. This time could be spent on making critically important decisions (e. g. a possible decision to delay or abandon the last phase knowing that climbers would have to descend at night). Leaders focused on their individual goals and were overtaken by sunk cost effect. (1) Individual, group and organizational capabilities should be mixed in a way that they can achieve organizational goals. Subgroups should be created within the groups so that a buddy system can evolve. There should be no tiered membership of a group with the exception of the top leader. All members and Sherpas should work together and help each other in time of need without waiting for decisions originating from the top. Team members should be selected on the basis of their physical and psychological abilities. They should be provided training to learn deficient skills as well as importance of working as a cohesive group. Teams should be trained to work as self-managed team after they reach Camp III. Team members should be told that they can be dropped from the expedition any time if there is any doubt about their ability to reach the summit. 2) Leaders must adjust to the fact that despite the best preparation, Mount Everest holds surprises for all climbers. Human errors may indeed be a cause of failure but nature can force climbers to retreat and they should respect it. The perceptions of the team members should be shaped by the leaders in such a way that recognition of real challenges remains a serious factor on which the outcomes are based. If teams set up realistic goals and are willing to adjust their strategies according to the changing environment, they are more likely to succeed. (3) Groups should be ncouraged to communicate freely under preset rules. The leaders should interfere only when the norms are not being followed or they feel that they have to override group decisions in unusual circumstances. Upward, downward, horizontal and diagonal communication would facilita te problem solving and decision making at all levels. Effective communication also opens the door for adjustment of strategies to accommodate retreat, regroup and retry. (4) There cannot be any exception to the â€Å"two o’clock rule†. This rule is set up considering the hostile surroundings at the Mount Everest. If there is a delay in starting the move towards the summit, it only makes sense to abandon the plans for that day. These common sense rules must be followed by all leaders, guides, members and Sherpas without any exception. This rule must be followed by every individual just as a business is supposed to follow the law of the land. (5) To overcome sunk cost effect, overconfidence bias and recency effect, future expeditions should consider taking an independent expert with them whom they can rely on for making risk assessment and for unbiased guidance during the difficult circumstances as discussed in (4) above. 6) There is no scope for logistic problems for Mount Everest climbers. Procurement and management of supplies should be left with an outside firm. All supplies should reach the Base Camp before the teams. Perhaps, use of satellite weather images can guide the climbers to decide the timing of their push towards the summit. (7) Leaders should be available for guidance and also f or making critical decisions. They should refrain from executing the strategy. Instead of ensuring personal customer service to a client their role should be to stay committed to overall goals. If a team member falls ill, it is better to let a Sherpa escort the client to the camp. (8) If one has to rely on the complex systems theory, then the strategy should focus on eliminating human errors and group interaction difficulties and leave harsh weather to be dealt with on an â€Å"as needed† basis and pulling back when necessary. Cultural and Status Summary: American: Hansen, Dr. Weathers, Fischbeck, Kasischke, Taske and Krakauer (Adventure Consultants): Fischer (Leader-Experienced) , Beidleman (Guide – Experienced), Pitman, Fox, Madsen, Schoening, Schoening Jr. Martin Adams, Kruse (Mountain Madness): New Zealand: Hall (Leader-Experienced) and Harris – (Guide – Experienced) (Adventure Consultants) Australia: Groom – (Guide –Experienced) (Adventure Consultants): Japan: Namba (Adventure Consultants): Canada: Hutchison: Scandinavia: Gammelgaard: Russia/Kazakhstan: Boukreev – Guide Experienced Neal Beidleman Nepal: Lead and climbin g Sherpas (1) Beidleman (American) was a guide in the team led by Fischer (American). The other guide in their team was Boukreev (Russian). American culture is characterized as open and willing to discuss any subject. Beidleman considered himself as the â€Å"third† guide due to lack of solid high-altitude experience (or he felt that he was inferior to a Russian guide? ). He was not willing to express his views/concerns. It will be speculative to assume that Beidleman would have changed the outcome of 1996 expedition if he was able to express his views freely. The fact of the matter is that Beidleman and three others found their way to Camp IV on May 10. However, his perception did cause breakdown of free communication between the team members. (2) Nepalese people are known to be religious and modest. They have a passion for climbing mountains. The case authors have incorrectly characterized Sherpas’ interest in climbing due to money or status only. They live in the area and are used to the weather. They have tremendous amount of respect for the nature. They view Mount Everest as the â€Å"goddess of sky†. On the other hand, the Westerners have no such respect for the Mount Everest. Both Fischer and Hall were overconfident and showed no respect for Sherpas’ beliefs. This stark difference in the two cultures was perhaps a reason for violation of the â€Å"two o’ clock rule†. Lead and other Sherpas were considered servants and their expertise was totally ignored. Fischer’s decisions to take Schoening on a second attempt and later help Kruse took some valuable time and energy away from him. He could have delegated these tasks to a Sherpa. (3) Boukreev (Russian) did not know English well. He had difficulty building relationship with other team members. The other guide in Fischer’s team, Beidleman, had already developed a different perception about his place in the team. Boukreev’s limited language skills and Beidleman’s perception about his status hampered functioning of their team (group). It is not known whether Yasuko Namba (Japan) was fluent in English or there were other language/status/cultural barriers in Hall’s team. (4) Boukreev reached Camp IV at 5 pm on May 10 before others. Questions were raised about his early arrival to the Camp IV while others were struggling to reach the camp amid bad weather conditions. It is not clear if Boukreev felt a rush to save his life knowing or he just wanted to abandon the group due to his failure to build relationships. However, his explanation is logical that he wanted to be able to save lives later on when others needed help. Mount Everest Case free essay sample The formation of groups by the leaders lacked the consideration of the non-expert members’ skills. The leaders, groups and their members had different sets of goals in their minds. The teams’ goals did not fit well with the overall goals of the organization. There was an imbalance between the perceptions of the team members, guides and the leaders. (2) Right from the very beginning team leaders underestimated the challenges offered by Mount Everest. It indicates the tendency of overconfidence bias and recency effect of reliance on good weather in recent years. 3) The team members could not establish strong working relationships. Many team members were either not sure of their role in their teams or were reluctant to raise a point due to their perception that they were placed lower in the chain of command. Sherpas’ expertise was not properly utilized. In fact, the groups never moved beyond the forming phase. There was lack of group decision making. We will write a custom essay sample on Mount Everest Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They had an excellent knowledge pool which the groups did not utilize to make decisions. (4) The leadership style of Hall Fischer discouraged feedback from the team members. Therefore, the leaders were distanced from guides and other team members. It was a detriment to working of the group as one unit. There was lack of participative management. However, participative management could not be used as a universal rule while facing hostile nature. This problem was compounded by an autocratic leadership style. Team members’ psychological safety was missing. (5) The leaders, guides and non-expert members all ignored the â€Å"two o’ clock rule†. This rule was set up by the leaders but they themselves did not adhere to it. Their late arrival at the summit left them with no choice but to descend in darkness and deal with hostile weather. There was no discussion about the relevance and usefulness of pushing forward with the climb knowing that the above rule would be violated. This is an indication of poor decision-making. (6) There was a lack of communication during different phases of this expedition. In the absence of live communication the members could not have reviewed and revised their goals and strategies if they felt that the weather or other circumstances were going against them. There were not enough radios. There were concerns about lack of sufficient supply of oxygen. The communication was flowing only from the top and in some case there was a complete communication breakdown. (7) The leaders, guides, and other members were reluctant to accept defeat. Some of these individuals had failed to climb Mount Everest in the past and they did not want to fail again. In essence, the groups lacked a thorough strategy for of digging in or moving back if risks became too obvious. It indicates escalation of commitment on the part of members. 8) Both Hall Fischer were leaders and visionaries of the groups’ strategy. However, during the expedition they became too occupied with the small operations and missed the possible opportunity to rethink and revise their overall plans and/or strategy. They could not adjust the perceptions of the team members and even allowed them to develop personal bias about the abilities of some of the members. (9) Physical and psycholog ical condition of some members deteriorated but they continued to climb. The leaders not only disregarded these members’ capabilities but also dedicated time to help them. This time could be spent on making critically important decisions (e. g. a possible decision to delay or abandon the last phase knowing that climbers would have to descend at night). Leaders focused on their individual goals and were overtaken by sunk cost effect. (1) Individual, group and organizational capabilities should be mixed in a way that they can achieve organizational goals. Subgroups should be created within the groups so that a buddy system can evolve. There should be no tiered membership of a group with the exception of the top leader. All members and Sherpas should work together and help each other in time of need without waiting for decisions originating from the top. Team members should be selected on the basis of their physical and psychological abilities. They should be provided training to learn deficient skills as well as importance of working as a cohesive group. Teams should be trained to work as self-managed team after they reach Camp III. Team members should be told that they can be dropped from the expedition any time if there is any doubt about their ability to reach the summit. 2) Leaders must adjust to the fact that despite the best preparation, Mount Everest holds surprises for all climbers. Human errors may indeed be a cause of failure but nature can force climbers to retreat and they should respect it. The perceptions of the team members should be shaped by the leaders in such a way that recognition of real challenges remains a serious factor on which the outcomes are based. If teams set up realis tic goals and are willing to adjust their strategies according to the changing environment, they are more likely to succeed. (3) Groups should be ncouraged to communicate freely under preset rules. The leaders should interfere only when the norms are not being followed or they feel that they have to override group decisions in unusual circumstances. Upward, downward, horizontal and diagonal communication would facilitate problem solving and decision making at all levels. Effective communication also opens the door for adjustment of strategies to accommodate retreat, regroup and retry. (4) There cannot be any exception to the â€Å"two o’clock rule†. This rule is set up considering the hostile surroundings at the Mount Everest. If there is a delay in starting the move towards the summit, it only makes sense to abandon the plans for that day. These common sense rules must be followed by all leaders, guides, members and Sherpas without any exception. This rule must be followed by every individual just as a business is supposed to follow the law of the land. (5) To overcome sunk cost effect, overconfidence bias and recency effect, future expeditions should consider taking an independent expert with them whom they can rely on for making risk assessment and for unbiased guidance during the difficult circumstances as discussed in (4) above. 6) There is no scope for logistic problems for Mount Everest climbers. Procurement and management of supplies should be left with an outside firm. All supplies should reach the Base Camp before the teams. Perhaps, use of satellite weather images can guide the climbers to decide the timing of their push towards the summit. (7) Leaders should be available for guidance and also for making critical decisions. They should refrain from executing the strategy. Instead of ensuring personal customer service to a client their role should be to stay committed to overall goals. If a team member falls ill, it is better to let a Sherpa escort the client to the camp. (8) If one has to rely on the complex systems theory, then the strategy should focus on eliminating human errors and group interaction difficulties and leave harsh weather to be dealt with on an â€Å"as needed† basis and pulling back when necessary.

Its Me vs It is I

Its Me vs It is I Its Me vs It is I Its Me vs It is I By Maeve Maddox Reader Ali Abuzar wants us to: elaborate the difference and usage of 1.It is me. 2.It is I. 3.This is me. 4.This is I. 5.This is Mr. XYZ. Items 1. and 2: It is me. It is I. Back in the 18th century, when scholars were fiercely debating English grammar in an effort to ascertain and fix it, one of the proposed rules relating to pronouns was that a pronoun in the nominative case (what we now call a subject pronoun) must follow a form of to be: It is I. It is we. It is they. This rule is based on a rule that exists in Latin. The existence of this rule in any language, however, does not prevent most English speakers from saying Its me. When someone phones me and says Is Maeve Maddox there? my response is always This is she. Thats the way my momma brought me up to answer the phone. She also taught me to say To whom do you wish to speak? However, in face to face conversation, Im much more likely to say Its me. Its me is idiomatic English. It is I is not. Thats not to say that the usage of to be followed by a nominative pronoun is either dead or deserves to be. Its just not used by all speakers on all occasions. Theres a familiar hymn whose chorus contains the line Here I am, Lord. Is it I, Lord? Writers of fiction often use the differing forms as character tags. Items 3. and 4: This is me. This is I. The only context for This is me that I can think of (except maybe in answering the telephone) would be in describing photos to another person: This is me the summer after I graduated. This is me when I joined the Marines. This is I would sound strange in this context. Item 5: This is Mr. XYZ. This is the normal construction for such a statement. Ex. This is the author of my favorite novel. This is Mr. Biceps, my gym teacher. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesAt Your Disposal90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

Baghdad as the capital of the Abbasid islamic world (8th- 11th Research Paper

Baghdad as the capital of the Abbasid islamic world (8th- 11th centries) - Research Paper Example Since the capital made trading possible due to numerous entry points to and from different parts of the Asian, European and African continents, the city flourished and prospered, thus, making it possible for the caliphate to establish centers of learning such as schools and libraries (Majeed 1486). This made the Abbasid Empire able to create numerous advancements such as in agriculture, architecture, literature and other knowledge pursuits, which they are able to disseminate to all the parts of the empire, and even the world via the European scientific revolution. Many of the breakthroughs that the Muslim scholars were able to make were highly significant because of the information being applicable to many aspects of science, literature and economics. The open-mindedness of the Muslim scholars during the Abbasid Empire made it possible for them to not only accept new information from other cultures such as Greeks and Romans, but also to create some improvements in them as well (Mazia k 1416). Also, the impact of the knowledge revolution instigated by the Abbasid caliphate is highly significant because if the Muslim Empire was not able to expand its territories, possible transfer of information from the Middle East to the European continent via Islamic Spain may not have been possible, and the scientific revolution around the 17th century would not have taken place. The Importance of Establishing Baghdad as the Capital While most of the buildings built during the Abbasid empire were destroyed during the invasion of the Mongols, many narratives remained that were able to establish how it was to live in Baghdad during its height of glory (Micheau 224). The splendor of the city as written down by many earlier historians was made well known not just for trade but also for learning and knowledge. The early caliphs proved that it was possible to make Baghdad a famous city once they were able to properly begin its construction. After the rise of the Abbasid dynasty arou nd 750 A.C.E., Muslim power shifted from Syria to Iraq, and the caliphs moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad. Al-Mansur, one of the earliest caliphs established Baghdad as the empire’s capital, and had it surrounded by a circular wall (Robinson 255). This made the Sasanian tradition alive and well, and was properly scattered in most of the nearby parts of the empire. It was also important that it was along the established trade routes, making the place generate additional revenue for buildings (Syed 2). Another is that Baghdad is near to large rivers such as the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers, which are essential in sustaining growth and development of the place (Micheau 222). Because of the proximity to major trade routes and large rivers, the establishment of human settlement in Baghdad was possible, and more people came in for work. To accommodate them, it was decided that the walled city must be finished as soon as possible, and in order to do so, numerous engineer s, architects and skilled craftsmen were hired from different regions. This did not just transform the city but also started its assimilation of knowledge from different cultures, since most of the workers were hired from vast places (Denoix 131). The urbanization was very successful that it was possible to establish many places where further pursuits of knowledge can be done, not just

Pressure Ulcer Pain Management Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pressure Ulcer Pain Management - Dissertation Example Depending on the nature of the pressure ulcer, common treatments include relieving pressure, restoring circulation, and resolution or management of related disorders. However, prevention still remains as the most potent intervention which significantly reduces the chances of undergoing excruciating long-term therapy (Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins 2009). Effective prevention measures include risk identification, pressure reduction, nutritional assessment, bed rest monitoring, and preservation of skin integrity. In cases of existing pressure ulcers, treatment options include: pressure reduction either by repositioning the patient or by using devices such as beds, mattresses, overlays, and cushions; use of topical ointments; wound cleansing; debridement; and use of dressings to promote wound healing (Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins 2009). The proper assessment of pressure ulcers is crucial in the determining risk of developing pressure ulcers and provision of appropriate interventions. The Braden Scale is used to determine characteristics present in pressure ulcers. This tool evaluates a patient’s condition in terms of: (1) sensory perception; (2) moisture; (3) activity, (4) mobility, (5) nutrition, and (6) friction and shear (Prevention Plus LLC 2009). The Pressure Ulcer Staging System is a tool developed by the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research to facilitate the assessment of pressure sore characteristics. ... Allen (2011) emphasized the role of pain assessment and treatment as a crucial part of pressure ulcer prevention and management. However, the assessment of patient pain does present some challenges since the sensation of pain is an individual perception. Any indication of pain is considered a valid pain response and patients can experience pain in varying frequency and intensity. In addition, patients may associate pain with movement, infection, or during treatments such as dressing changes and debridement procedures. On the other hand, there may be isolated cases where patients do not report any pain. 1.1. Background of the Study Pain is never ending problem for most patients with pressure ulcers (Caplan 2009; Allen, 2011). Despite advanced improvement in pressure ulcer (PU) care, the condition continues to be a national and international health care problem, resulting in a decreased quality of life, both physically and emotionally, unnecessary suffering, and even death. Research ov er the past decade has largely focused on the assessment and healing of pressure ulcers, for example, the introduction of standardized risk assessment tools, which are used for the prevention, staging and management of PUs. Despite, all of these measures there is still a dearth of research in relation to the prevention and management of pressure ulcer pain. The impetus for this proposed study comes from the researcher’s personal motivation to search and examine recent evidence-based research addressing pressure ulcer pain, including the factors contributing to the pain, the psychological and social impact of continuous pressure ulcer pain, pain at dressing change and

BUS 499 MoD-5 (SLP) Integation Causal & Strategy Essay

BUS 499 MoD-5 (SLP) Integation Causal & Strategy - Essay Example ooking at this strategy and its impact on financial performance, it can be concluded that this strategy will lead to an increase in revenues, which in turn would lead to greater operating profits and net income. Since the company will add new competencies in its operations; these competences, presumably will enable it to achieve economies of scale in its operation and reduce unit price of the product. This coupled with an increase in sales volume will lead to an increase in the company’s profit margins, which ultimately will be reflected on the company’s annual profits. In this way, the balance scorecard approach enables the company to achieve its two foremost financial objectives: increasing the company’s profitability and maximizing the returns of stockholders of the company. By accomplishing both these objectives, the company will ensure future survivability and growth. Kaplan, R. S., and Norton, D. P. (1992). The Balanced Scorecard: Measures That Drive Performance. Retrieved May 17, 2012, from http://library.tmu.edu.tw/news/%5BHarvard%20Business%20Review%20-%20January-February%201992%5D%20-%20Kaplan%20&%20Norton%20-%20The%20Balanced%20Scorecard%20-%20Measures%20That%20Drive%20Pe.pdf Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P. (2004). Measuring the strategic readiness of intangible assets. Retrieved May 17, 2012, from http://www.cma-slp.com/onlinelibrary/OL_English/Strategy%20Implementation/Management%20Accounting/MeasuringTheStrategicReadinessofIntangibleAssets.pdf   Lawrie, G., and Cobbold, I. (2004). Third-generation balanced scorecard: evolution of an effective strategic control tool. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 53(7), 611 – 623. Palladium. (2011, June 8).  Palladium balanced scorecard hall of fame for executing strategy. Retrieved May 17, 2012, from Roos, G., and Roos, J. (1997). Measuring Your company’s Intellectual Performance.

Impact Of Population Growth On The Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

Impact Of Population Growth On The Environment Environmental Sciences Essay The world has been experiencing a rapid increase in human population for the past 10, 000 years. According to the most recent U.N. statistics, population has grown from several millions back in the B.C. to over 6.6 billion in the 21st century. Even though the growth rate is gradually slowing, the U.N. population Division still expect the worldwide population to very much hit 9.1 billion by 2050. We have all known for long that the human population is no doubt the chief contributor to environmental woes. The humans are the one demanding fossil fuels to power their tech-savvy lifestyles, clearing forests for agricultural use, and polluting the environment with their industrial activities. More people means more demand for natural resources either mined or drilled from below the Earths surface to be burned for energy. Assuming that each person contributes to a certain amount of the total demand, one could very much imagine the kind of strain that this 2.5 billion of additional population is going to cause to the Earth. With the population expected to rise by that phenomenal amount, environmentalist and the others are getting more concerned with whether the Earth is still able to withstand that loads of demand. We also being concerned aims to examine the causes and impacts of this issue in the report, so that solutions could be proposed to alleviate it. 1.3 Focus In our opinion, we feel that if we can solve the problem of the rising human population growth, we can also solve the environmental problems that is likely to stem from it. The explaination for this reasoning is simple and rather fundamental. The problems merely justify the need to do something about it, whereas the causes is the one that set off the problems. As mentioned earlier on, the crux to the solutions lies very much with the causes itself. Therefore, one could very well expect us to first introduce the problems in the report, before moving on to the more crucial part, its causes and solutions. 1.4 Methodology Information used for this study was mainly obtained from secondary sources such as books, online databases, U.N. publications, and other useful websites. A listing of these useful sources of information can be found at the Appendix 1 as attached in the report. Human population The world population refers to the total number of living humans on Earth at a given time. For the past 10, 000 years, the world has been experiencing a rapid increase in human population. According to the most recent U.N. statistics, population has grown from several millions back in the B.C. to over 6.6 billion in the 21st century. Even though the growth rate is gradually slowing, the U.N. Population Division still expect the worldwide population to very much hit 9.1 billion by 2050. With most of the increase in Asia and Africa, in particular, the poorer nations that have no access to proper family-planning programmes. An alarming issue Rising human population We have all known for long that the human population is no doubt the chief contributor to environmental woes. However, what little know of is that the human population is only one of the several factors that affect the environment. The extent to which population increase can be considered a problem is still reliant on other factors. One widely used formula that could help us understand what factors could actually interplayed to cause that significant impact, would be the IPAT model that John Holdren from Harvard University came up with. This model represents how the total impact on the enviroment results from the interaction among population, affluence and technoloy. An Increased population intensifies impact on the environment as more individuals take up space, use resources, and generate waste. As the population gets older it gets more affluent too, thereby demanding higher living standards to satisfy their wants. To meet the humans instatiable wants, better technology would have to be developed to better mine fossil fuels, clear old-growth forests, or fish. Assuming that everybody has to be fed, clothed, housed and hopefully supported by gainful employment. An increased population would actually means the intensification of the impact that the human population has on the Ecosystem. Hence, the problem is not only that the population is burgeoning. It is also that the usage of the resources, and environmental damages are also increasing at a phenomenol speed. Approach All of us would have known by now that a rising global population has devasting impacts on the Earth. It not only erodes the living standards of the world population, results in poverty in already poor countries, affect a countrys economy, but most importantly has a negative impact on the Ecosystem. We will in this chapter, look in depth how the rising global human population develops into a problem, and the various environmental impacts it has on the Earth. The Problem of Rising Global Human Population Urbanisation is being defined as the physical growth of urban areas as a result of global change. Moreover, It can also be interpreted as the movement of people from rural to urban areas with population growth equating to urban migration. The United Nations project suggested that 60% of the worlds population would live in urban areas at the end of 2030. An increased in the population residing there would lead to an increase in consumption of energy, food, water, domestic goods, and land. To accommodate to this increase in demand, more resource extraction, manufacturing, and agricultural production will have to take place. Considering the limited existing resources of an urban city, an expansion of the city would be needed for the above mentioned activities to take place. This expansion of urban areas across the landscape is something also being defined as urban sprawl. In order for urban sprawl to take place, surrounding areas adjoining the edge of the urban cities will have to be made ready. This is usually done through habitat alteration such as, deforestation for urban cities surrounded by forest/mangroves, or land reclaimation for cities corteminous with islands. Environmental Impacts From the above illustration, we can see that a rising population will not only highten the rate of human activites but will also give rise to newer problems such as urban sprawl. All of these problems will then contribute to certain environmental woes which would interplay and lead to further consequences. The following are some environmental issues that are either the direct or indirect impact of a rising global population: Depletion of natural resources Global climate change Loss of biodiversity Depletion of natural resources Depletion of natural resources refers to the over exploitation of the exhaustible group of natural resources. This group of resources comes in the form of renewable and non-renewable resources. Renewable natural resources are those that can replenish themselves in a resonable amount of time, however, it can also be depleted should the rate of usage exceed the rate of regeneration. Whereas, non-renewable resources are those that only exist in a fixed quality, and either takes up to millions of year to replace themselves or does not possess the ability to recyle themselves. As the human population rises, human activities such as urban sprawl, resource extraction, manufacturing, and agricultural production are expected to increase too. As all of these activities each demand a certain type of natural resources and energy to support them, an increase in human activities would equate to an increase in demand for these natural resources. Some of the resources that are affected as a result of them are namely, fossil fuels, land, water, and minerals. Fossil Fuels Alongside the increasing demand for petrol and diesel to power transportation, industries and farming, huge quantities of fossil fuel such as crude oil is also needed in the manufacturing of plastic-made products. With oil production likely to increase by nearly 40% from 2006 to 2030; as a result of only the increasing world energy demand of 60%. The real demand for oil is believed to be much more higher. According to British Petroleum the current world oil reserves stand at 1238 billion barrels. And present yearly world oil production stands at 31 billion barrels.  If the current rate of oil discoverage were to remain stagnant or low, oil, the primary source of fossil fuel used to produce energy might very well be depleted before 40 years (The figure as calculated with current consumption rate and the level of reserves). The following is a graph (Figure 1.0) that highlighted the increasing gap between the production rate and discoverage rate of oil supplies. Figure 1.0 (adaptedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..) Land and Water Land degradation refers to deterioration or loss of fertility or productive capacity of the soil. Urban sprawl can dramatically transform the properties of soil, causing it to lose its water permeability and ability to perform essential duties. These duties include the loss of ability to sustain soil biodiversity, crop cultivation, and the reduced effectiveness as a carbon sink. The following graph (Figure 1.1) showed the amount and types of land loss in various European cities that were the result of urban sprawl. Figure 1.1 (adaptedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) On top of all that, rainwater which falls on areas with deterioted land will also be heavily polluted by tire abrasion, dust and high concentrations of heavy metals, which when washed into rivers will degrade the hydrological system. To add insult to injury, the level of water table will also decline as deterioted land can no longer allow water to penetrate throught it. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,   If current trends continue, 90 percent of freshwater supplies will disappear by 2030. Setting all that aside, one still has to take into consideration the soaring increase in use of water for crop cultivation and human consumption. With the supply of water on the shorter end and demand for it on the rise, the UN Millenium Project, 2008a estimated that 3 billion people might face water scarcity by 2025. A remarkable increase from the current figure of 700 millions people. If nothing done about this, the Earth will very soon run out of arable land to support crop cultivation and no longer have enough safe drinking water to support the rising global human population. Minerals Minerals are the backbone of the human civilisation, they are needed in almost all sectors of industries. If we were to look into the manufacturing sector and bulding sector, some minerals used by them would be gold, silver, iron, cemet, and copper. Since there is a direct relationship between the human population and the industries, a booming population will also lead to an increase in the consumption of minerals. A good example to substantiate the direct impact a growing population would have on minerals would be the example on Spain. For years, the efforts to support the growing population in Spain, have resulted in major expansion of construction activities, mainly along the coast and around major cities. As a result, the consumption of concrete has also increased by a wide margin of 120 % since 1996, reaching a level of 51.5 million tons in 2005. Taking into account the non-renewable characteristic of minerals and the direct relationship it has with the human population. A surge in the human population might cause the limited stock of minerals to undergo depletion in the near future. Loss of biodiveristy Biodiversity may be defined as the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or the entire Earth. Biodiversity is earths primary life support system and is a pre-condition for human survival. As population grow, develop and modify their environment, their activities inevitably affect biodiversity. To understand the impacts of human population growth on biodiversity, a study into it had been carried out in Canada. The findings reveal that human activities such as agricultural activities, urbanisation, and manufacturing are the primary causes of the decline of biodiversity in Canada. Agricultural activities Agricultural is the production of goods and food through farming. It is reported that Agriculture has had a significant effect on biodiversity because of its prevalence over the landscape. Loss of native habitat in Canada due to farming has been significant. As a result of agricultural activities, Canada lost more than 85% of shortgrass prairie, 80% of mixed-grass prairie, 85% of aspen parkland and almost its entire native tallgrass prairie. Loss of habitat, coupled with farming practises of using only a few strains genetically-engineered crop, has resulted in the endangerment of a disproportionately large number of plants and animal species in Canada. To prepare a piece of land for agricultural activities, the natural vegetation has to be first removed from it. Without the natural vegetations protection, the topsoil, a surface layer of soil that is rich in nutrients and beneficial microorganisms, can be easily eroded away by surface water, or winds. In Quebec, it is estimated that 3.4 million tonnes of soil per year are eroded by water. Soil erosion renders an area barren and unsuitable for plants that were initially growing there. To add on to that, soil that has been washed away and deposited in waterways, also destroys the fragile life forms in it. If water can carry away soil, it can also cause the runoff of pesticides and fertilizers that are applied in abundance to commercial crops, and of course the wastes of cattle and livestock. In Quebec, between 1990 and 1991, an impressive amount of 190 000 tonnes of nitrogen and 120 000 tonnes of phosphorus were applied to agricultural lands in the form fertilizers, or were present as livestock wastes. As these excess nutrients enter the lakes and rivers, Eutrophication of aquatic environment can occur; altering and degrading the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems. With 64 out of 105 developing countries studied by the UN Food and Agriculture Ogranisation seeing their population growing at a speed faster than the food supplies, the increase in agricultural activities worldwide is imminent. Therefore, one should expect the loss of biodiversity as a result of pollutants coming from agricultural activities to swell around the globe. Urbanisation It is estimated that between 1871 and 1991, the Canadian population living in urban centers have increased from19% to  77%. To accommodate to this increase, the initial urban centres that stand on 0.7% of Canadas total area, have been expanding over the last few decades. In the twenty years spanning 1971 to 1991, the total area of the Montreal Urban Community increased from 2674 km2 in 1971 to 3509 km2, the Quebec City area increased from 907 km2 to 3150 km2, and the Sherbrooke and Trois-Rivieres became classified as urban centers. With the majority of large cities located within the St. Lawrence lowlands, a ecozone that is very biologically rich. An expanding city is bound to displace the many species that depend on that ecozone as habitat. Manufacturing In Cananda, manufacturing is the main economy in Quebec, it not only employs the most number of people, but also contribute the highest proportion of Quebecs GDP. Due to the unique nature of this sector of industry, many harmful pollutants are constantly being emited from its operations. Water-borne pollutants include metals, organic chemicals, and suspended sediments that are usually found in industrial discharges. These toxic discharges when flow into the water, can inversely affect the biota in an ecosystem by killing them, weakening them, or deterioting their ability to reproduce. As mentioned earlier on, the majority of large cities are concentrated within the St. Lawrence watershed. Therefore, any harmful discharges from the industries can quickly reach and harm the living organisms in it. Air-borne pollutants include carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and acid precipiation that can usually be found in the smoke fumes from factories and motor vehicles. It had been found out that air emissions from the Inco steel smelter in Sudbury, Ontario were directly responsible for a significant portion of the acid rain in eastern North America. Consequently, the surrounding lakes, which is home to fish, mollusk and other amphibian populations, were acidified. Since these amphibian species will not be able to survive in acidic condition, a lake hit by acid rain will result in the death of them. Furthermore, air-borne pollutants such as carbon dioxide and methane also give rise to a whole new environmental problem, which is being known as Global Climate Change. We will in the following paragraphs look into what this is all about. Global Climate Changes Global climate change refers to the change in global temperatures and precipitation over time due to natural variability or to human activity. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC), ever since the start of the industrial revolution, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have rose from 280 parts per million to 379 parts per million in the last 150 years. Furthermore, findings also concluded that there is a higher than 90 percent probability that human-produced greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have caused much of the observed increase in Earths temperatures over the past 50 years. While we all know that human activities were the cause of global climate changes, the main causes of the current global warming trend is actually the result of human expansion of greenhouse effect a process in which the heat leaving the Earth is being trapped by the greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases include, water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitirious oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. On Earth, the composition of natural greenhouse has been constantly altered by human activities. Over the years, the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. On a smaller scale, the clearing of forests for agriculture, industry, and other human activities, have also resulted in an increase in the concentrations of greenhouse gases. From the relationship between the human population and humans industrial activities, it is undisputed that any increase in the human population will lead to an increase of greenhouse emissions, which will eventually accelerates the rate of global climate change. The following table summarises the regional impacts of global climate change by the IPPC: Region Impacts North America Decreasing snowpack in the western mountains; 5-20 percent increase in yields of rain-fed agriculture in some regions; increased frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves in cities that currently experience them. Latin America Gradual replacement of tropical forest by savannah in eastern Amazonia; risk of significant biodiversity loss through species extinction in many tropical areas; significant changes in water availability for human consumption, agriculture and energy generation. Europe Increased risk of inland flash floods; more frequent coastal flooding and increased erosion from storms and sea level rise; glacial retreat in mountainous areas; reduced snow cover and winter tourism; extensive species losses; reductions of crop productivity in southern Europe. Africa By 2020, between 75 and 250 million people are projected to be exposed to increased water stress; yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50 percent in some regions by 2020; agricultural production, including access to food, may be severely compromised. Asia Freshwater availability projected to decrease in Central, South, East and Southeast Asia by the 2050s; coastal areas will be at risk due to increased flooding; death rate from disease associated with floods and droughts expected to rise in some regions. Figure 1.2 (Adapted from: http://climate.nasa.gov/effects/) On top of all that, the global climate change also indirectly resulted in the loss of biodiversity. As the global temperature rises, crop that used to grow best at certain temperature, will not be able to adapt, and will die off eventually. On the other hand, the higher temperature will also melt the glaciers and the artic sea ice, a habitat to animals such as, polar bears and penguins. Conclusion According to U.N. population division, the worldwide population has a high likelihood of hitting 9.1 billion by 2050. From this figure, it is easy to see that even if the current world population of 6.6 billion does not increase it consumtion per capita, we will still have to use up more resources to support this higher number of population. Hence, there is an urgent need to do something about the rising global huamn population, as the devasting envrionmental effects we discussed earlier on have a direct relationship with it.

Beloved - Overall Summary Essay -- Essays Papers

Beloved - Overall Summary One of the most common reader responses to Beloved is speechlessness. Readers attempt to deal with that speechlessness by trying to determine whether Sethe's attempt to kill her children was morally justified or not. These almost always seem like stilted, insufficient answers to a beautiful, poetic, and profoundly disturbing novel. It is as though the novel haunts the reader until he or she incorporates it into some structure of moral judgment. Perhaps trying to overcome the speechlessness with an awkward attempt at moral reasoning is not the most productive way to respond to Beloved. Instead, we might discover that the effect of speechlessness relates to the broader thematic content of the novel. The circumstances of Beloved's death are horrific. Life in slavery is equally horrific. For the former slaves that populate the novel, the past is unspeakable. Every day, Sethe beats back memories of her enslavement at Sweet Home. For a long while, Paul D can only verbalize his experiences through song. One of the most common forms of punishment for slaves was gagging with an iron bit. Sethe's own mother was forced to wear the bit so often that she has a permanent smile frozen on her face. Robbing the slave of the power of speech is a powerful way to make him or her feel like a beast. Paul D feels even less than the rooster that struts around him as he sits, mute and chained. Baby S...

A sepatate peace

Life passes at a glance what once was the center of your world given time will shrink away till it is barely recognizable to you. So enjoy every moment savor every experience. † . He go away with everything because of the extraordinary kind of person he was. It was quite a compliment to me, as a matter of fact, to have such a person choose me for his best friend†¦ † Chap 2, peg 21 know, if Gene doesn't watch himself he'll become such a person. †¦Between the buildings, elms curved so high that you ceased to remember their height until you looked above the familiar trunks and the lowest umbrellas of leaves and took in the lofty complex they held high above, branches and branches of branches, a world of branches with an†¦ Please note! This is not an example of text written by our writers! Cassiopeia. Com is a database of essays that were collected at open web resources. You can use them at you own risk following the citation rules below.But we recommend you to order a custom plagiarism-free essay written Just for you from one of our writers. Place an order, add your paper details and enjoy the results! You can keep in touch with your writer, check the draft of your paper and send your order for revision for free. If you are hesitating to place an order – Just ask for a quote!

An Analogy of a Plan Cell to a Country

An Analogy of a plan cell to a country nucleus/governement/primie minister/parliament house- they are the control centre of the city or cell. They both control what goes on in the city or cell. the nucleus contains all the DNA or important information, of the whole cell. it is the control centre and it gives out orders that the cells have to carry out. the president in a country know it's important information, he gives out laws that have to be carried out by the people and leads the country mitochondria-power plant- this is the ‘powerhouse' of the cell or city.The mitochondria and the power plant both provide the energy for the city or cell to use. mitochondria breaks down food molecules and convert them to energy for cells. power plant generate and supply energy for the country. Cell Membrane/national security, military, Border Security- the Cell membrane or police/ Border Security controls entry of what goes in and out of the cell or city Vacuole/ Stores/warehouses+ water tr eatment plant + Garbage dump- a vacuole can contain many different types of fluids in it and it also has many different functions. You can read also Thin Film Solar CellThe vacuole can be a storage room which contain fluids and material solutions like plant pigments. It has can also be a garbage dump which contains its wastes. Furthermore the vacuole can be a water tower which stores water in it. vacuoles store materials for the cell. stores around the country. it stores necessay materials such as food and clothes for people Ribosomes/ Food producing factory (protein factory)- the ribosomes and food producing factory are both where the production of proteins occur. ribosomes produce protein from information from the dna given by the nucleus. restuarnts cook and give out food that contain proteinEndoplasmic Reticulum/ highways, roads and vehicles traveling them- the transport of substances within cells or cities occur through these. it assembles materials and export them from the cell. companies that trade and export materials from the country also may package and prepare them to be sent of . Golgi Apparatus/ Foo d Packaging Company- the Golgi Apparatus and Food Packaging Company both package materials for export. Chloroplasts/ Solar power panels- the chloroplast and the solar power panels both can capture the radiant energy of sunlight and transform it into useable energy.

Biography of Rudolf Diesel, Inventor of the Diesel Engine

Biography of Rudolf Diesel, Inventor of the Diesel Engine The engine that bears his name set off a new chapter in the Industrial Revolution, but German engineer Rudolf Diesel (1858–1913), who grew up in France, initially thought his invention would help small businesses and artisans, not industrialists.  In truth, diesel engines are commonplace in vehicles of all types, especially those that have to pull heavy loads (trucks or trains) or do a lot of work, such as on a farm or in a power plant. For this one improvement to an engine, his impact on the world is clear today. But his death more than a century ago remains a mystery. Fast Facts: Rudolf Diesel Occupation: EngineerKnown For:  Inventor of the Diesel engineBorn:  March 18, 1858, in Paris, FranceParents:  Theodor Diesel and Elise StrobelDied:  September 29 or 30, 1913, in the English ChannelEducation:  Technische Hochschule (Technical High School), Munich, Germany; Industrial School of Augsburg, Royal Bavarian Polytechnic of Munich (Polytechnic Institute)Published Works:  Theorie und Konstruktion eines rationellen Wremotors  (Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor), 1893Spouse:  Martha Flasche (m. 1883)Children:  Rudolf Jr. (b. 1883), Heddy (b. 1885), and Eugen (b. 1889)Notable Quote:  I am firmly convinced that the automobile engine will come, and then I consider my life’s work complete. Early Life Rudolf Diesel was born in Paris, France, in 1858. His parents were Bavarian immigrants. At the outbreak of the Franco-German War, the family was deported to England in 1870. From there, Diesel went to Germany to study at the Munich Polytechnic Institute, where he excelled in engineering. After graduation he was employed as a refrigerator engineer in Paris, at Linde Ice Machine Company, beginning in 1880.  He had studied thermodynamics under Carl von Linde, head of the company, in Munich. His true love lay in engine design, however, and over the next few years he began exploring a number of ideas. One concerned finding a way to help small businesses compete with big industries, which had the money to harness the power of steam engines. Another was how to use the laws of thermodynamics to create a more efficient engine. In his mind, building a better engine would help the little guy, the independent artisans, and entrepreneurs. In 1890 he took a job heading the engineering department of the same refrigeration firm in its Berlin location, and during his off time (to keep his patents) would experiment with his engine designs. He was aided in the development of his designs by Maschinenfabrik Augsburg, which is now MAN Diesel, and Friedrich Krupp AG, which is now ThyssenKrupp. The Diesel Engine Print Collector/Getty Images Rudolf Diesel designed many heat engines, including a solar-powered air engine. In 1892 he applied for a patent and received a development patent for his diesel engine. In 1893 he published a paper describing an engine with combustion within a cylinder, the internal combustion engine. In Augsburg, Germany, on August 10, 1893, Rudolf Diesels prime model, a single 10-foot iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own power for the first time. He received a patent there for the engine that same year and a patent for an improvement. Diesel spent two more years making improvements and in 1896 demonstrated another model with the theoretical efficiency of 75 percent, in contrast to the 10 percent efficiency of the steam engine or other early internal combustion engines. Work continued on developing a production model. In 1898 Rudolf Diesel was granted U.S. patent #608,845 for an internal combustion engine.   His Legacy Rudolf Diesels inventions have three points in common: They relate to heat transference by natural physical processes or laws, they involve markedly creative mechanical design, and they were initially motivated by the inventors concept of sociological needs- by finding a way to enable independent craftsmen and artisans to compete with large industry. That last goal didn’t exactly pan out as Diesel expected. His invention could be used by small businesses, but the industrialists embraced it eagerly as well. His engine took off immediately, with applications far and wide that spurred the Industrial Revolutions rapid development. Following his death, diesel engines became common in automobiles, trucks (starting in the 1920s), ships (after World War II), trains (starting in the 1930s), and more- and they still are. The diesel engines of today are refined and improved versions of Rudolf Diesels original concept. His engines have been used to power pipelines, electric and water plants, automobiles and trucks, and marine craft, and soon after were used in mines, oil fields, factories, and transoceanic shipping. More efficient, more powerful engines allowed boats to be bigger and more goods to be sold overseas. Diesel became a millionaire by the end of the 19th century, but bad investments left him in a lot of debt at the end of his life. His Death In 1913, Rudolf Diesel disappeared en route to London while on an ocean steamer coming back from Belgium to attend the groundbreaking of a new diesel-engine plant- and to meet with the British navy about installing his engine on their submarines, the History Channel says.  He is assumed to have drowned in the English Channel. Its suspected by some that he committed suicide over heavy debts, due to bad investments and poor health, information that didnt come out until after his death. However, theories immediately began that he was helped overboard. A newspaper at the time speculated, Inventor Thrown Into the Sea to Stop Sale of Patents to British Government, the BBC noted. World War I was at hand, and Diesels engines made it into Allied submarines and ships- though the latter were primarily for World War II. Diesel was a proponent of vegetable oil as fuel, putting him at odds with the ever-growing petroleum industry and leading, the BBC says, to the theory that Diesel was Murdered by Agents From Big Oil Trusts. Or it could have been coal magnates, yet others speculated, because steam engines ran on tons and tons of it. Theories kept his name in the papers for years and even included an assassination attempt by German spies to prevent his sharing details about the development of the U-boat. Sources Daimler. Rudolf Diesel and His Invention. Daimler.com.Harford, Tim. How Rudolf Diesels Engine Changed the World. BBC News, 19 December 2016.History.com Editors. Inventor Rudolf Diesel Vanishes. History.com.Lemelson-MIT. Rudolf Diesel. Lemelson-MIT Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Lewis, Danny. When the Inventor of the Diesel Engine Disappeared. Smithsonian Magazine. 29 September 2016.

Personal statment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal statment - Essay Example It was when I was contemplating about this that I fully realized how much I wanted to assist people develop their personality from an early stage of their life. When I completed my undergraduate studies, I realized that I wanted to pursue my masters in a career related to my passion and that is when I decided that the most appropriate field was in childhood development. To mention something about myself, I am Summah Alsuleman from Capital Riyadh in Saudi Arabia. Since I was young I have been taught by numerous teacher but when I think about my learning experience, I appreciate the role that the teachers who taught me when I was below ten years played. They instilled in me a desire to learn and help others learn, which I believe has made me who I am. I have always wanted to understand how the mind of a child works and I believe that spending time with children would be one of the best ways to do so. Additionally, I understand children tend to accumulate a lot of information. It is thus the most appropriate time to impart good learning skills since this would help shape the future of such children. I believe that the childhood stage is very important and it is at this stage that good learning strategies should be cultivated. I tend to be excited by watching children learn and I believe I would be more contented to participate in their learning proces s. I have always valued the role of an educator and often found myself coaching my younger siblings. As I coached them, I recognized how easy it is to instill a positive or a negative attitude towards education on a child at this stage. I often came up with different strategies to make learning easy and fun, which made my siblings develop excellent attitude towards education. I believe that is what early childhood teachers should have, the desire to teach the young children to learn and love doing so. It is so thrilling to watch a child learn a new concept each day and

Comparative Analysis of A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner and Luck Essay

Comparative Analysis of A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner and Luck by Mark Twain - Essay Example The presence of a universal characteristic in literary works also means that there are also texts that provide scenarios, feelings, thoughts, or experiences that are unique and not experienced by the majority. In this paper, a comparison of two short stories is provided as an illustration of Johnson's point in elucidating the meaning of "just representations of general nature. The literary texts included in the comparative analysis are "A Rose for Emily" by William Faulkner and "Luck" by Mark Twain. The choice for these texts is motivated mainly by the 'level of representativeness of each.' That is, Faulkner's short story is identified as more universal in its theme, while Twain's equally entertaining short story differs from Faulkner's because of its unique quality. The discussion and analysis posits, then, that "A Rose" is an example of a literary work that possesses the "representativeness" quality that Johnson talks about because of its utilization of society's hostility of an individual because Emily chose to deviate from the norms of her community. Meanwhile, Twain's "Luck" lacks the universality that Faulkner's work has because luck is an uncommon phenomenon, not universally experienced by people throughout their life, as opposed to what was illustrated in the life of the story's primary subject, Lt. Gen. Arthur Scoresby. Emily Grierson is depicted as a social outcast in the community that she lived in, setting the mood early on in Faulkner's short story. The relationship between the community and Emily was one that bordered between hostility and indifference: while most of the people in the community had considered Emily as an individual who lived in the past (i.e., trying to live the affluent life that she had when she was young), and thus they became indifferent, even uninterested, in her, there were some members of the community who reveled on the fact that there lived a woman in their place that does not 'fit' the image of a 'pleasant' community member. This relationship is effectively illustrated by the narrator's description of people's behavior during her funeral: "our whole town went to her funeral: the men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out of curiosity" The fact that Emily managed to survive on her own and with the help of her servant, Tobe, is not the only mystery that intrigued her community. Despite her denial to admit that she lives in poverty at the time of her death, another mystery that remained was the fate of Emily's relationship with Homer Barron, her supposed fianc who had suddenly disappeared from the community and Emily's life. Emily's deviant behavior was indeed confirmed when it was revealed later in the story that she was both poor and a murderer, having killed Homer when he denied her of her love for him. Though deviant in nature, the community's treatment of Emily as a deviant is a universal experience among us. At some point in our lives, we had experienced fair or unfair persecution by our society and community, and Faulkner's effective and sensitive portrayal of this theme through Emily and her community makes the short story truly representative of humanity's behavior and nature. The reason for "Luck"'s lack of representativeness or universality to humanity's general experience in life is because the story focused on the phenomenon of luck, which is not only uncommon, but an unpopular phenomenon in a human society that is currently dominated by the ideology of rationality, logic, and science. Embodied by the character of Scoresby, luck